Evidence Tools
Developmental Screening
Introduction
This toolkit summarizes content from the Developmental Screening Evidence Accelerator and the MCHbest database. The peer-reviewed literature supporting this work can be found in the Established Evidence database. Use the resources below as you develop effective evidence-based/informed programs and measures.
From the MCH Block Grant Guidance. Early identification of developmental delays and disabilities is critical to provide referrals to services that can promote health and educational success.1 It is an integral function of the primary care medical home. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends developmental screening at the 9, 18, and 24 or 30 month visit.1 Developmental screening is part of the Core Set of Children’s Health Care Quality Measures for Medicaid and CHIP. Systems-level quality improvement efforts that build on the medical home are needed to improve rates of developmental screening and surveillance.2
Goal. To increase the percent of children who receive a developmental screening.
Note. Access other related measures in this Population Domain through the Toolkits page.
Overview: Read a summary of the issue related to Title V
The following trends emerged from analysis of peer- reviewed evidence. While findings might not completely align with your ESM, they can serve as ideas to expand your ESM in the future.
- Quality improvement in health care settings appears to be effective.
- Systems-level approaches with quality improvement interventions appears to be effective.
- Health care provider training and home visiting programs may be effective; however, further evidence is needed to fully assess.
Detail Sheet: Start with the MCH Block Grant Guidance
GOAL: To increase the percent of children who receive a developmental screening.
DEFINITION:
Numerators:
Number of children, ages 9 through 35 months (2 years), whose parents reported completing a standardized developmental screening questionnaire from a health care provider in the past year with age-specific content on language development and social behavior
Denominators:
Number of children, ages 9 through 35 months
Units: 100
Text: Percent
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2030 OBJECTIVE: Identical to Maternal, Infant, and Child Health (MICH) Objective 17: Increase the proportion of children who receive a developmental screening. (Baseline: 31.1% in 2016-17, Target: 35.8%)
DATA SOURCES: National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH)
MCH POPULATION DOMAIN: Child Health
MEASURE DOMAIN Clinical Health Systems
Data Sources: Learn more about the issue and access the data directly
- Data Resource Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DRC): A project of the Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative, the DRC is a national data resource providing easy access to children’s health data on a variety of important topics, including the health and well-being of children and access to quality care.
- HRSA Federally Available Data (FAD) Document
- Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS)
- Title V Information System (TVIS) National Performance Measure Search: This search displays the national baseline data, the State baseline data, and the objectives that the State determined for the measure. Most recent year national and state data are also available by various demographic stratifiers including race/ethnicity, income, insurance type, and urban/rural geography.
1. Accelerate with Evidence—Start with the Science
The first step to accelerate effective, evidence-based/informed programs is ensuring that the strategies we implement are meaningful and have high potential to affect desired change. Read more about using evidence-based/informed programs and then use this section to find strategies that you can adopt or adapt for your needs.
Evidence-based/Informed Strategies: MCHbest Database
The following strategies have emerged from studies in the scientific literature as being effective in advancing the measure. Use the links below to read more about each strategy or access the MCHbest database to find additional strategies.
Evidence-Informed |
Evidence-Based |
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Mixed Evidence |
Emerging Evidence |
Expert Opinion |
Moderate Evidence |
Scientifically Rigorous |
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Field-Based Strategies: Find promising programs from AMCHP’s Innovation Hub
Cutting Edge:
- Community and Healthcare Provider Training (CT; 2021)
- Culturally Relevant Diagnostic Teleaudiology Training (Federated States of Micronesia; 2021)
- Increase Formal Developmental Screening (MO; 2020)
- Screening Tools and Referral Training (TN; 2020)
- Virtual Autism Diagnostic Clinic (PA; 2022)
Emerging:
- Awareness of Screening (GA; 2015)
- Child Service Assessments (RI; 2023)
- Comprehensive Evaluation Services (VA; 2021)
- CYSHCN Inclusive Eligibility Criteria (WV; 2021)
- Early Intervention Partnership Program (MA; 2019)
- Newborn Screening Education (National; 2020)
- Primary Care Education (TN; 2022)
- PRAMS Follow-Up Survey (AK; 2020)
Promising:
- Centralized Electronic Screening Platform (MN; 2018)
- Diaper Incentive (TN; 2021)
- Early Identification and Referral Model (SC; 2019)
- Early Screening/Referral (IA; 2016)
- Individualized Parent Learning Plan (OH; 2023)
- Tele-Diagnostic Evals and Education (TN; 2022)
- Training Components for Providers (TN; 2022)
Best:
- Community Health Workers Program (SC; 2019)
- Community Systems for CYSHCN (NC; 2018)
- Nurse-Family Partnership (National; 2008)
- Pathways Community Hub (National; 2019)
- Promote Child, Family, and Community Well-Being (National; 2021)
Key Findings and Emerging Issues: Read more from the literature
KEY FINDINGS
- Quality improvement in health care settings appears to be effective.
- Systems-level approaches with quality improvement interventions appears to be effective.
- Health care provider training and home visiting programs may be effective; however, further evidence is needed to fully assess their impact.
IMPLICATIONS
- Ongoing evaluations of multiple national initiatives, such as the Early Childhood Comprehensive Systems Collaborative Improvement and Innovation Network (ECCS CoIIN) and Project LAUNCH (Linking Actions for Unmet Needs in Children’s Health) may yield additional strategies to increase the percentage of children receiving developmental screening.
- Sustained investment in evaluations of systems-level approaches is essential for expanding the base of strategies to improve developmental screening.
EVIDENCE ANALYSIS REPORTS
- Evidence Review: Brief. A three-page summary of report methodologies, results, key findings, and implications.
- Evidence Review: Full Report. A critical analysis and synthesis of the effectiveness of strategies that might be applied to address the NPM to serve as the foundation for accountability across all states and jurisdictions. The evidence review uses a structured approach to evaluate the available empirical evidence and to draw conclusions for MCH programs based on the best available evidence. Read about the evidence analysis report methodology | You can also access the full set of Evidence Analysis Reports.
Strategy Video: Watch a summary of evidence-based/informed strategies
Watch a short video discussing state-of-the-art, evidence-based/informed strategies that can be used or adapted as ESMs. Experts in the field discuss approaches, the science, and specific ways that Title V agencies can implement and measure these approaches. Presented by Sarah Riehl, Georgetown University Medical Center.
2. Think Upstream with Planning Tools—Lead with the Need
The second step in developing effective, evidence-based/informed programs challenges us to plan upstream to ensure that our work addresses issues early and is measurable in “turning the curve” on big issues that face MCH populations. Read more about moving from root causes to responsive programs and then use this section to align your work with the data and needs of your populations.
A. Move from Need to Strategy
Use Root-Cause Analysis (RCA) and Results-Based Accountability (RBA) tools to build upon the science to determine how to address needs.
Planning Tools: Use these tools to move from data to action
B. Align with the Needs of the Population
Consider the following findings related to this performance measure.
The Role of Title V: Get ideas on how to implement strategies
Many of the strategies with the strongest evidence supporting them are those that are more clinical or those based in enabling services rather than those that can be easily implemented by Title V agencies. As we look to “move down the MCH Pyramid” with less emphasis on direct services (disease management) to an increased focus on public health services and systems (primary and secondary prevention and population health management), we are often challenged in identifying evidence-based/informed practices to meet the new focus of the transformed MCH Block Grant.1
Where possible, we try to align evidence-based strategies (“what works”) to activities that can be adopted by Title V agencies (“what we can do”). However, there is often the need for adaptation and innovation.2 Sometimes it’s difficult to identify the role a Title V agency could take in implementing and/or adopting such evidence-based/informed strategies.
When deciding how best to implement a strategy that seems outside the typical role of Title V, it may be helpful to consider activities that support the strategy while aligning with activities that Title V is charged with,3 such as:
- Assessing ongoing community needs: Title V can use data collected by programs, evaluations, or more formal needs assessment findings to see if the strategy could address identified service gaps or build equity in access and positive health outcomes.
- Informing and educating the public: Title V can provide educational/outreach materials to families/consumers to advance the strategy through training and peer support.
- Engaging community partners and families: Title V can serve as the convener for those groups/organizations that can implement the strategy.
- Integrating systems of public health. Title V can help ensure access, sharing of resources, and coordination of services to assure maximum impact of the strategy (coordinating the public health approach, health care, and related community services).
- Educating the MCH workforce (building capacity): Title V can partner with groups actually conducting this strategy in order to train MCH and healthcare professionals in strategy implementation.
- Developing public health policies and plans: Title V can support adoption of the strategy at a state level.
- Ensuring quality improvement and promoting applied research: Title V can collect data and evaluate programs in the state/jurisdiction that are implementing this strategy to build the evidence base and promote rapid innovation.
SDOH and Health Equity Considerations: Identify ways to advance health for all
Not all strategies are effective for all population groups, and the evidence is often lacking in terms of using specific strategies to advance health equity.
Once the evidence has been considered for what works generally,, it is important to understand if a specific strategy will work for targeted populations, especially those most affected by health disparities. Implementation science helps to translate the science into programs and policies that impact health outcomes in light of multiple social determinants. In finding strategies to meet needs, we have the ability to adopt and/or adapt what works.
ADOPT Strategies to Meet Needs
In choosing to adopt an existing strategy based on existing science and practice, we should consider:2
Is the study sample or population similar to our target audience?
- Geography
- Demographic characteristics
- Culture, values, and preference
- Health status
- Other characteristics of interest
Do we have the resources needed to implement?
- Workforce capacity
- Money
- Time
- Leadership
Does our organization and the broader environment support the strategy?
- Political support
- Financial and legal support
- Champions for intervention
- Community norms and partnerships
- Title V priority and jurisdiction
- Favorable environment for change
Special Considerations: Tease out ways to zoom in on populations of focus
Adapt Strategies to Meet Needs
Not all strategies are effective for all populations. To adapt strategies to meet needs, we should consider:5
What about the existing strategy works? If we understand the key ingredients of a strategy, we can replicate and/or adapt the effective components. Looking at a strategy through a health behavior theory identifies key ingredients. Here are several to consider:
- Intrapersonal. Theory of Planned Behavior, Health Belief Model, Stages of Change Model.
- Interpersonal. Social Cognitive Theory, Social Norms Theory.
- Community. Diffusion of Innovation, Ecological Models.
How does it work? Being specific about the underlying mechanisms can help us increase the impact. Developing a logic model with program actions, targets, outcomes, and moderators allows you track the process from action to outcome.
For whom does it work, and for whom does it not work? When we know who is and is not responding, we can make targeted adaptations to improve outcomes. Think about the program life cycle:
- Precision. Understand what a strategy entails so you can go beyond “does it work,” to “what about it works” and “for whom does it work.”
- Fast-cycle iteration. Incorporate new ideas as you go – what is working and what is not working.
- Shared learning. Create a mechanism to share learning about success and failures.
- Co-creation. Bring together multiple parties to create a mutually valued outcome.
In what contexts does it work? By evaluating the context in which a strategy is implemented, we can adapt it for other settings. The best way to ensure that a strategy is effective is to conduct a robust evaluation. The MCH Navigator’s Evaluation Spotlight provides trainings and resources related to the steps and standards for effective program evaluation.
3. Work Together with Implementation Tools—Move from Planning to Practice
The third step in developing effective, evidence-based/informed programs calls us to work together to ensure that programs are movable within the realities of Title V programs and lead to health equity for all people. Read more about implementation tools designed for MCH population change and then use this section to develop responsive strategies to bring about change that is responsive to the needs of your populations.
Additional MCH Evidence Center Resources: Access supplemental materials from the literature
- Find field-based resources focused on increasing developmental screening relevant to Title V programs in the MCH Digital Library.
- Search the Established Evidence database for peer-reviewed research articles related to strategies for increasing developmental screening.
- Request Technical Assistance from the MCH Evidence Center
- MCH Evidence Center Frameworks and Toolkits:
Implementation Resources: Use these field-generated resources to affect change
- AMCHP Resources:
- Early Childhood Developmental Screening and Title V: Building Better Systems—An Issue Brief sharing Title V Strategies and Measures on National Performance Measure 6: Developmental Screening
- Implementation Toolkit for National Performance Measure 6. This toolkit contains examples of state strategies being used to address NPM 6 in Title V programs.
References
Introductory References: From the MCH Block Grant Guidance
1 Council on Children With Disabilities; Section on Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics; Bright Futures Steering Committee; Medical Home Initiatives for Children With Special Needs Project Advisory Committee. Identifying infants and young children with developmental disorders in the medical home: an algorithm for developmental surveillance and screening [published correction appears in Pediatrics. 2006 Oct;118(4):1808-9]. Pediatrics. 2006;118(1):405-420. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1231
2 Hirai AH, Kogan MD, Kandasamy V, Reuland C, Bethell C. Prevalence and Variation of Developmental Screening and Surveillance in Early Childhood. JAMA Pediatr. 2018 Sep 1;172(9):857-866. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.1524.
Overview References:
1 Lai Y, Garcia S, Strobino D, Grason H, Minkovitz C. National Performance Measure 5 Safe Sleep Evidence Review. Strengthen the Evidence Base for Maternal and Child Health Programs. Women’s and Children’s Health Policy Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. 2017.
2 HRSA News Room. Study Finds Safe Infant Sleep Practices Need Improvement. HRSA 2019 Press Releases. October 21, 2019.
Toolkit References: From the Evidence Accelerator
1,3 Brownson RC, Fielding JE, Green LW. Building Capacity for Evidence-Based Public Health: Reconciling the Pulls of Practice and the Push of Research. Annual Review of Public Health 2018 39:1, 27-53.
2 US Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Division of State and Community Health. Title V Maternal and Child Health Services Block Grant to States Program: Guidance and Forms for the Title V Application/Annual Report
4,5 Adapted from IDEAS Impact Framework, Center on the Developing Child, Harvard University.
6 Hayden J. Introduction to Health Behavior Theory, Second Edition. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. 2014.